7 Religious Christmas Quotes About Jesus

7 Religious Christmas Quotes About Jesus Christmas reminds us ofâ the hardships of Jesus Christ, and what better approach to recollect the explanation behind the season than strict quotesâ that center around the life of the savior. The comments that follow, both from the Bible and from unmistakable Christians,â serve as an update that great consistently triumphs over fiendishness. D. James Kennedy, Christmas Stories for the Heart The star of Bethlehem was a star of expectation that drove the shrewd men to the satisfaction of their desires, the accomplishment of their campaign. Nothing in this world is more key for achievement in life than expectation, and this star highlighted our solitary hotspot for genuine expectation: Jesus Christ. Samuel Johnson The Church doesn't eccentrically watch days, only as days, however as commemorations of significant realities. Christmas may be kept also upon one day of the year as another; however there ought to be an expressed day for honoring the introduction of our Savior, in light of the fact that there is risk that what might be done on quickly, will be dismissed. Luke 2:9-14 Also, lo, the heavenly attendant of the Lord happened upon them, and the greatness of the Lord shone indirect them: and they were soâ afraid. What's more, the heavenly attendant said unto them, Fear not: for, view, I bring you great news of incredible satisfaction, which will be to all individuals. For unto you is brought into the world this day in the city of David a Savior, which is Christ the Lord. What's more, this will be a sign unto you; Ye will discover the angel enveloped by wrapping up garments, lying in a trough. What's more, out of nowhere there was with the holy messenger a huge number of the radiant host commending God, and saying, Glory to God in the most noteworthy, and on earth harmony, cooperative attitude toward men. George W. Truett Christ was conceived in the principal century, yet he has a place with all hundreds of years. He was brought into the world a Jew, yet He has a place with all races. He was conceived in Bethlehem, yet He has a place with all nations. Matthew 2:1-2 Presently when Jesus was conceived in Bethlehem of Judea in the times of Herod the lord, view, there came savvy men from the east to Jerusalem, saying, where is he that is conceived King of the Jews? For we have seen his star in the east, and are come to adore him. Larry Libby, Christmas Stories for the Heart Late on a languid, star-radiant night, those blessed messengers stripped back the sky simply like you would tear open a shining Christmas present. At that point, with light and bliss spilling out of Heaven like water through a wrecked dam, they started to yell and sing the message that child Jesus had been conceived. The world had a Savior! The holy messengers called it Good News, and it was. Matthew 1:21 Furthermore, she will bear a Son, and you will call His name Jesus, for it is He who will spare His kin from their wrongdoings.

Evaluation of the Visual Environment - analyse the interactions Essay

Assessment of the Visual Environment - investigate the cooperations among surfaces and light - Essay Example At whatever point light hits on a surface, three prospects exist: It is reflected, transmitted or consumed (Phillips,2008). Divider - The dividers of a room don't discharge light however reflects light from the lights on the roofs or originating from outside. The huge piece of light falls on the dividers and they have a noteworthy job in changing the environment of a design space. Light bobs or reflects silly and light up the whole room and here the light is originating from outside through glass on the divider. Light unquestionably scatters off a wide range of various surfaces, however when there is light on the roof, that will be enlightening the dividers, the dividers will in general show up splendid on the grounds that the light is dispersing off those dividers, and they’ll for exampleâ preferentially dissipate a few hues more than others†. (Karsh,2013) The shade of the dividers causes the light to assimilate or reflect light. Normally white dividers here mirror all the light hit on its surface and makes the room look more splendid or more white. All reflected light follow the relationship, called Snells Law, that the edge of occurrence rises to the edge of reflection (Optical Society of America, 2008) .Here, there is likewise glass on the dividers which doesn't reflect light. The retention of light on the divider relies upon the shade of the divider. The dim shaded dividers ingest light contrasting with light hued and white dividers. The glass dividers retain a portion of the light and make the room less brilliant. Glass needs to accomplish something more than transmitting light ( Brite,2013) .The glass dividers in the kitchen transmits light into the kitchen well overall. The glass divider in the kitchen refract and go into the room .Nowadays, house proprietors need sees from each edge of the room. As e normous regions of glass turned out to be structurally worthy in customary and current homes, new innovation is permitting living in a fishbowl increasingly reasonable (Bounds, 2011).

The Benefits (and Drawbacks) to No Credit Check Installment Loans

The Benefits (and Drawbacks) to No Credit Check Installment Loans The Benefits (and Drawbacks) to No Credit Check Installment Loans The Benefits (and Drawbacks) to No Credit Check Installment LoansNo credit check installment loans are far from perfect, but they have a leg up on short-term payday loans. Heres everything you need to know.When you have bad credit and you need to borrow money, your options don’t usually inspire a lot of confidence. What else can you do but settle for a short-term, high-interest payday loan or title loan?Well, that’s where no credit check installment loans come in. Like short-term cash advance loans, applying for one won’t hurt your credit, but they also come with longer terms and more manageable payments.Then again, it’s not like these installment loans are absolutely perfect. They’re not. They come with a long list of pros and cons, just like any other financial product.With that in mind, here’s an overview of the benefits and drawbacks to borrowing a no credit check installment loanâ€"with a special emphasis on how they stack up compared to payday loans.Benefit: You can borrow more.Many states have fairly strict limits as to how much a person can borrow with a short-term payday loan. Usually, the maximum loan amount won’t be more than several hundred dollars.This means that payday loans won’t be helpful for larger financial needs. Sure, you could use one to stretch your budget over the last few days before a paycheck, but something like a car repair bill or surprise medical expense will probably require more money than a payday loan can provide.This is where no credit check installment loans can come in handy, as they usually come with much larger average loan amounts. If the bill you need to cover is over $1,000, an installment loan is likely going to be a much better form of bridge financing than a two-week payday loan.Of course, these loan amounts will vary from state to state, from lender to lender, and from customer to customer. The good thing about no credit check installment loans and payday loans  is that you can apply for one and lear n how much you’ll be approved for without having an inquiry show up on your credit report!Benefit: Lower interest rates.This is another benefit that will vary depending on your specific financial situation, your state of residence, and the particular lender that you’re working with. All that having been said, a bad credit installment loan is very likely to come with a lower annual percentage rate (APR) than your standard payday loan.You’ll always want to check out the APR for any personal loan that you borrow, but you want to pay special attention to it when borrowing a payday loan. Due to their short repayment terms, the stated interest rates for these loans can vary wildly from their actual APRs.For instance, a two-week payday loan with an interest rate of fifteen percent has an APR of 391 percent! What?! That’s because APR measures the cost of a loan over one full year. It’s a standardized metric that lets you make apples-to-apples comparisons between different types of loans.Granted, no credit check installment loans are still going to have a much higher interest rate than regular personal loans. But even an installment loan with a 130 percent APR still comes at less than one-third the cost of a payday loan with an APR of 400 percent.Drawback: More interest paid overall.This is one area where comparing bad credit installment loans and payday loans can get a little tricky, so please bear with us. This seems like a truly major drawback on paper, but in reality, it’s a little more minor.Because payday loans have such short repayment terms, paying one off on time means paying far less in actual interest than you would on an installment loanâ€"even one with a much lower APR.This is why payday loans seem so appealing. Sure, their APRs are high, but why would you worry about the cost of the loan over a full year? You’re going to pay it back in two weeks! $15 per $100 borrowed is a lot less than $120 per $100, right?! It’s so obvious!Heres where th ings go sideways. Because, yes, on paper, payday loans cost much less than installment loans. But in reality, many payday loan customers struggle to pay their loans back on time. And the longer they are in debt, the more relevant those high APRs become.Here are some numbers that should give you pause: According to a study from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the average payday loan customer takes out 10 loans annually and spends almost 200 days every year in debt. That means paying an effective interest rate between 150 and 219 percent on a payday loan with a 391 percent APR.So, yes, you’ll end up paying more with an installment loan than you will with a payday loan, even if the former has a much lower APR than the latter. But that’s not the whole story.Benefit: More manageable payments.Why do so many payday loan borrowers end up taking out so many loans? Well, the reasons go beyond the interest rate. They also have to do with the size of their payments.Simply p ut, many people struggle to pay back several hundred dollars within two weeks. And even if they do make the payment, it oftentimes creates another budget shortfall, which then leads to them taking out another payday loan.According to a study from The Pew Charitable Trusts, only 14 percent of payday loan borrowers have enough money in their monthly budgets to pay back their loans on time. That’s not a lot!Borrowers who find themselves in situations like this are often faced with two options. They can roll over their loan, which means that they pay only the interest owed and then get a new repayment term, complete with more interest, or they can take out a new loan immediately after paying off their old one.This is an area where installment loans have an advantage. Despite their larger loan amounts, their longer payment terms and lower APRs mean that the individual payment amounts are smaller and more manageable.APRs and interest rates are always important factors when you’re cons idering a bad credit loan. But don’t forget to check the size of your payments as well. Even a great interest rate isn’t worth it if the individual payments are going to be more than you can afford.Benefit: Amortizing interest.While we’re on the subject of interest, let’s talk about amortization. You might not be familiar with that term, but it’s an area where installment loans have a big leg up on their short-term competition.With an amortizing loan, your interest accrues over time, and every payment you make goes towards both the principal loan amount and the interest owed. Loans that aren’t amortizing, on the other hand, charge interest as a flat fee.Most installment loans are amortizing, but you should always check to make sureâ€"especially when borrowing from bad credit lenders. With an amortizing loan, paying the loan off early saves you money because less interest accruesâ€"though you should also check to make sure your installment loan doesn’t come with any pre payment penalties.Payday loans aren’t amortizing, which means that interest is charged as a flat rate right when the loan is issued. Paying back a two-week payday loan in only  one week won’t save you anything.But one of the primary ways that amortizing loans benefit borrowers is by ensuring that every payment gets the borrower closer towards paying the loan off altogether. It’s the opposite of loan rollover, where every payment only goes towards interest, never the principal.If you’re borrowing a loan, make sure it’s amortizing. And in order to find an amortizing no credit check loan, an installment loan is by far your best best.Drawback: No credit checks vs. soft credit checksThis is an issue with all no credit check loans, not just no credit check installment loans.Lenders that don’t do any sort of check on your credit history or your ability to repay are probably not lenders you should be dealing with. No due diligence of any sort is a sign that they might be banking on their customers falling into a predatory debt cycle.But not all bad credit lenders are like that. Some lenders, including OppLoans, care deeply about their customers’ ability to repay the loans they borrow. (Shocking, right?)These lenders will not only check your ability to repay your loan, but they’ll also run what’s called a soft check on your credit. This is a check that returns less information than a full (or hard) credit check, but that doesn’t get recorded on your credit report or affect your score in any way.The reason that people turn to no credit check loans is that they have no other optionsâ€"and because there’s no use in having a credit check ding your score when you know that you’re going to get denied anyway.But that doesn’t mean that you should stick with any old lender, no matter what kind of loan you’re taking out. Find a lender that offers amortizing interest and checks your ability to repayâ€"especially if they perform a soft credit check. You won’t regret it.To learn more about borrowing money when you have bad credit, check out these related posts from OppLoans:5 Personal Loans With Easy Approval (And Why That Can Be a Bad Thing)“Uh-Oh, I Need Money Now!” 4 Fast Cash Options for People With Bad CreditNo Credit Card? Here Are 6 Ways You Can Still Fix Your Credit ScoreHere’s Why College Students Should Avoid Payday LoansWhat other questions do you have about bad credit borrowing? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Schindler’s List - 3038 Words

Schindler’s List Part II: Engaging with the text Characters The characters in Schindler’s List are very different because of their attitudes towards the Holocaust. The three main characters that will be focused on are Oskar Schindler, Itzhak Stern and Amon Goeth. These characters were very influential during the Holocaust; therefore, it is important to analyze these characters to gain a better understanding of the film. Oskar Schindler Our first introduction to Oskar Schindler was as a customer in a fancy restaurant. My first impression of Oskar Schindler was a rich and powerful business man. He was well-dressed and well-mannered; therefore, he must be from a higher class. He flashed his pile of money a couple of times to pay for†¦show more content†¦This means that Oskar was unaware of the mass-murdered that rampaged throughout Germany, until he saw that little girl. Oskar’s treatments towards the Jews clearly changed after he saw that little girl. Others also recognized that Oskar treated the Jews with kindness unlike other Germans. For instance, a girl came begging for Oskar to help her parents from the concentration camp. She stated other Jews claimed that Oskar’s factory was like heaven. The word heaven shows that Oskar was a very good man because it was rare to hear the Jews describing German factories in a positive way. Also, the change in Oskar was shown when he told Amon that power is not the ability to kill. Power is when a man had every justification to kill but chose not to. This was one of the most powerful lines in the film because it greatly contrasted with the Nazi’s point-of-view. Furthermore, Oskar was trying to persuade Amon to think before killing an innocent Jew. Itzhak Stern is another person who influences Oskar to change his attitudes towards the Jews. Itzhak Stern, who was Jewish, worked with Oskar as Oskar’s accountant. Oskar generally treated Stern very kindly but I suspected that it was only because Stern was running his business. However, Oskar started to show his caring side towards Stern later on in the film. For instance, Stern was about to be transported because he forgot his work transcript. Oskar used his influence to threaten the guards and finally rescueShow MoreRelatedEssay on Schindlers List791 Words   |  4 PagesSchindlers List Schindlers List is one of the most powerful movies of all time. It presents the indelible true story of enigmatic German businessman Oskar Schindler who becomes an unlikely saviour of more than 1100 Jews amid the barbaric Nazi reign. A German Catholic war profiteer, Schindler moved to Krakow in 1939 when Germany overran Poland. There he opens an enamelware factory that, on the advice of his Jewish accountant Itzhak Stern, was staffed by Jews from the nearby forced labour campRead MoreSchindlers List Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pages men to the left and women to the right, and were placed in concentration camps, where most of them were killed and cremated. In 1993, Steven Spielberg directed a film, Schindler’s List, which depicted the life of one man who risked his life and money to save the few Jewish families he could. In the movie Schindlers List, the story of the Holocaust is told from a dual point of view; that of the Jewish people who are downtrodden, rounded up and taken to camps, murdered and degraded by the NazisRead MoreSchindlers List Essay2029 Words   |  9 PagesSchindlers List The film Schindlers list directed by Steven Spielberg based on Thomas Keneallys Schindlers Arks tells the story of an entrepreneur and womaniser Oscar Schindler. 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The Jews, singledRead MoreEssay about The Film Schindlers List versus Novel Schindlers Ark588 Words   |  3 PagesSchindlers List The film Schindler’s List has a tendency to simplify and sentimentalize the character Oskar Schindler compared to the novel Schindler’s Ark in which the film is based on. The film Schindler’s List lacks depth and understanding of the character Oskar Schindler, and tends to over dramatize events within the film in which Oskar Schindler is responsible for. The novel Schindler’s Ark begins its in-depth documentary story with the earlier life of Oskar

Culture Is The Second Social Construction - 875 Words

Culture is the second social construction that emerged while writing section one. Culture is â€Å"a complex collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, and material objects shared by a group and passed on from one generation to the next† (Ravelli and Webber, 2013, p.119). Culture is not negative or positive views of people it is a neutral reflection of humans. No one is born with a culture because culture is learned and shaped, as people grow older. Culture develops between people by interacting and sharing ideas and experiencing situations throughout life. Culture is passed on through generations because parents share their culture with their child, which then gets passed onto their children. It is clarified and altered through generations keeping it modern to continue the transmission through generations. Lastly, culture is human because we are the only species that has cultures; we explain life through asking questions and relying on culture to help us communicate. There ar e two types of culture material and non-material culture. Material is the â€Å"tangible artifacts and physical objects† and non-material is â€Å"intangible and abstract components such as values and norms† (Ravelli and Webber, 2013, p.122). Material culture helps people to adapt to environments and non-material culture is what is passed on through generations. Most cultures view their culture as superior over others. When a person enjoys their culture more it is called ethnocentrism. (Ravelli and Webber, 2013, p.Show MoreRelatedCybernetic and Social Construction Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesand Social Construction LeeAnne Valentine Coum5220 June 14, 2015 Dr. Everson Cybernetics and Social Construction In Marriage and Family Therapy field, cybernetics and social construction play an important aspect in how a therapist works with his or her clients. 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How Organizations Can Learn from Failure Free Essays

How can organizations learn from failure? Companies can learn from failure by setting up clear systems of measurement and utilizing certain performance indicators which record failures in detail. Simply not overlooking failure as something inevitable? First failure is defined. Second explanations on how organizations should go about thinking about failure in the right way. We will write a custom essay sample on How Organizations Can Learn from Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Third, elaboration on methods organizations could potentially use to learn from failure. Finally, what organizations can learn from failing. Even though there is a no precise definition for failure in organizations, there is a general agreement to what failure means and could lead to. Failure is broadly defined as a condition of not meeting the intended objective or end. Failure could result in the depletion of finance, shrinking market, exit from the market, loss of market share, project failure and loss of legitimacy. We can assume that failure has negative consequences even though the final outcome may be positive, with firms learning from failure. Understanding the need for learning from failure is unquestionable; however it is tough for organizations to put this into practice. It is crucial that organizations understand failure and think about it in the right way before they can go about implementing procedures to prevent such failures from happening in the future. Learning from failure involves understanding that failure is not always bad and that learning from failure is no straightforward task. An organization cannot simply reflect on what they did wrong and expect to not make the same mistakes again. Organizations have to understand about the different degrees of failure which occur on a scale ranging from blameworthy to praiseworthy. They fall into three broad categories which are 1, failures which occur in predictable operations which could be prevented. 2, unavoidable failures which occur in complex organizations which can be managed to prevent snowballing. 3, unwanted outcomes†¦. To learn from failure, we require different strategies for each setting. It is key to detect them early, analyze failures with depth, develop hypothesis, experiments and projects to product them. In order to minimize failure employees first have to feel safe to report these failures. In the article titled strategies for learning from failure the author Amy C. Edmondson talks about http://hbr. org/2011/04/strategies-for-learning-from-failure/ar/1 First the organization has to go about understanding failure in the right way as well as all the possible side†¦ Important for managers to think about failure in the right way. Failure is not always bad. It is sometimes bad and sometimes inevitable and sometimes good. Learning from failure is not a straightforward task. The attitudes and activities required to effectively detect and analyze failures are in short supply in most companies and the need for context-specific learning strategies is underappreciated.? Organizations need new and better ways to go beyond lessons which are superficial( procedures which weren’t followed) or self serving ( The market just wasn’t ready for our great new product) That means jettisoning old cultural beliefs and stereotypical notions. The blame game? A spectrum of reasons for failure? http://www. uk. sagepub. com/upm-data/10989_Chapter_9. pdf Failing to learn from failure reasons? -Simply experiencing a negative event is not sufficient for learning. – Learning can be a complicated process, the acquisition of knowledge and the shifts in behavior must occur at all levels of a highly complex system. â€Å"Bazerman and Watkins (2004) contend that, when organizations fail to learn failures, they become susceptible to predictable surprises. What is the difference between predictable and unpredictable surprises? Predictable surprises occur when an organization leadership ignores or fails to understand clear evidence that a potentially devastating problem to occur. There are different sort of failures and not all failures are created equally. Bazerman and Watkins( 2004) identify four ways in which organizations fail to learn from failures that occur around them: Scanning Failures: failure to pay close attention to potential problems both inside and outside the organization; this failure could be due to arrogance, a lack of resources, or simple inattentions? Intergration failures: failure to understand how pieces of potentially complicated information fit together to provide lessons of how to avoid crises. 3. Incentive Failures: failure to provide sufficient rewards to people who report problems and take actions to avoid possible crises 4. Learning Failures: failure to draw important lessons from crises and preserve their memory in the organization Organizations who face these failures potentially could damage their organizational integrity. Eg Mitroff and Anagnos 2001, Managing Crises before they happen: what every manager needs to know about crisis management. 1982, Johnson and Johnson could respond to an external crisis with their product being linked to cyanide poisoning and thus the company responded quickly by pulling their stock of capsules from the shelves and having great PR work. J and J knew how to handle their PR well and their product managed to get back to the top seller. J and J however became a victim of its previous succ ess and had not done well with ‘Predictable surprises’ where crises occurred within the company. J and J had failed to do proper product scanning and had been a different sort of failure. failure of a different type? Failure of Success. Problem 1 and 4. Learning from failure: Sitkin 1996- Mittelstaedt (2005) – Failure is an essential part of learning for many organizations. Failures, should not be hidden or avoided. Making mistakes is essential to success, a company which appears to be free from disruption may be operating unrealistically and from a uniformed perspective. â€Å"learning to identify mistakes analytically and timely is the difference between failure and success. † Too often employees and managers are unwilling to admit small failures for fear of reprisal. The unwillingness to recognize and embrace failure is also a failure to recognize and respond to potential crises. The longer these small crises build up the higher likelihood it could escalate into a major crisis. In successful organizations, failure creates recognition of risk and a motivation for change that would not exist otherwise. Describes this recognition as a â€Å"learning readiness† without failure, very difficult to produce in most organizations. Sitkin cautions that not all failures are equally effective in fostering good risk management. Organizations learn best from intelligent failures, which have these characteristics, result from planned actions, uncertain outcomes, modest in scale, and take place in domains that are familiar enough to permit effective learning. Organizations need to recognize risks by accepting and acting on failures. Learn the best when failure results from competent actions, not major crises. Still within the comfort zone and employees are eager and experienced enough to respond. These opportunities arise: Vicarious Learning – learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behavior observed in others. Organizations need not fail as an entity in order to learn. Successful organizations engage in vicarious learning in order to recognize risk, organizational leaders observe the failures or crises experienced by similar organizations and take action to avoid making the same mistakes. Examples of Vicarious Learning- Give!!! Organizational memory: Without learning from their own and other’s mistakes organizations stagnate and fail to respond to potential threats in an ever-changing world. Learning has no use if the knowledge is not retained. An example of failure in organizational memory is the Union carbide plant in Bhopal, India in 1984. Early in December morning, the plant leaked a deadly cloud of gas that settled over part of the sleeping city of a million residents. Within two hours 2000 of them were dead with thousands left injured? Part of the reason for the disaster was a loss in organizational memory. The plant had been slated for closure and many experienced staff had been transferred out, leaving minimal crew with little work experience, with the training for remaining crew at a minimum. The crisis was traced to staff reductions and oversight failures. Much of the blame for the tragedy rests with a rapid reduction in experienced staff that took with them a large share of organizational memory. Organizational memory comprises of, a) Acquiring knowledge, done by recognizing failures within the organization and by observing failures of similar organizations. b) Distributing knowledge is the key to organizational memory. Highly experienced employees will leave the organization and these people should be given an opportunity to share their knowledge around or those departing personnel will go along with their experience. ) Acting upon knowledge, is important for organizational memory to serve an organization. New employees need to learn from those departing ones.! New employees cannot do things their own way or else it will lead to repeat failures†¦.!!!! Employees have many opportunities to discard the hard-earned knowledge. Because organizational memory depends on exchanging information from one person to another perception change , mistreatment and stubbornness to learn can disrupt preserving organizational memory. Organizations need to learn and build from previous experiences. Unlearning: Effective organizational learning depends on an organizations ability to unlearn practices and policies that have become outdated by environmental changes. Example of Unlearning 1. Expanding Options: When organizations are unwilling to forego routine procedures during crisis or potential crisis situations, they lose the capacity to react to unique circumstances. Unlearning enables the organization to expand its options. 2. Contracting Options: In some cases, organizations may respond to a crisis with a strategy that has worked well in the past. In the current situation, however, the strategy from the past may actually make matters worse. In such cases, organizations must be willing to reject some strategies in favor of others. 3. Grafting: In the previous section, we discussed the need for organizations to hand down existing knowledge to new employees. If the socialization of new employees is so intense that they cannot bring new knowledge to the organization, however, the organization is doing itself a disservice. Although organizational memory is essential, some degree of unlearning Opportunity 1: Organizations should treat failure as an opportunity to recognize a potential crisis or to prevent a similar crisis in the future. Opportunity 2: Organizations can avoid crises by learning from the failures and crises of other organizations. Opportunity 3: Organizational training and planning should emphasize the preservation of previous learning in order to make organizational memory a priority. Opportunity 4: Organizations must be willing to unlearn outdated or ineffective procedures if they are to learn better crisis management strategies Bazerman, M. H. Watkins, M. D. (2004). Predictable surprises: The disasters you should have seen coming and how to prevent them. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Huber, G. P. (1996). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. In M. D. Cohen L. S. Sproull (Eds. ), Organizational learning (pp. 124-162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mitroff, I. I. , Anagnos, G. (2001). Managing crises before they hap pen: What every executive and manager needs to know about crisis management. New York: AMACOM. Mittelstaedt, R. E. (2005). Will your next mistake be fatal? Avoiding the chain of mistakes that can destroy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton. Sitkin, S. B. (1996). Learning through failure: The strategy of small losses. In M. D. Cohen L. S. Sproull (Eds. ), Organizational learning (pp. 541-578). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Tompkins, P. K. (2005). Apollo, Challenger, Columbia: The decline of the space program. Los Angeles: Roxbury. Organizations who face these failures potentially could damage their organizational integrity. It is important for an organization to identify these failures and act on them while the company is still in operation. Having a crisis management team to prepare, respond and recover from a crisis is paramount in ensuring that the organization recovers and continues. Preparation must happen before a crisis occurs. In times of crisis, organizations need to systematically analyze its errors, acknowledge the errors and limits of the organization as well as address the issue with a level of sophistication. When an organization continually fails to differentiate and neglect crisis and failures it could lead to detrimental problems for the organization. Failure/ Crisis Management Case Study 1 A hypothetical example would be the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (BP oil spill) that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico from 20 April 2010 to 15 July 2010. The estimated 185 million barrels of oil first made landfall in Louisiana. By June 2010, the tar balls and oil mousse had reached the shores of Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. By August, it had smeared tourist beaches, washed onto the shorelines of sleepy coastal communities, oozed into the marshy bays that fishermen have worked for generations as well as killed millions of wildlife in the process. Instead of dealing with the failure in a professional way, BP inadvertently created a PR situation synonymous with herding cats. It’s had to fight to clear up two quagmires – its oil mess and its tarnished image. (Please Refer to Appendix- New York Times, Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill) In times of crisis or failure, it is important for an organization to understand the need for a comprehensive risk analysis. Should the failure be environmentally or socially threatening, impressions demonstrations of empathy and competence are vital. BP was not prepared to successfully deal with such a catastrophe. To minimize the damage, BP should have immediately accomplished five tasks: 1. Issue regular, frequent progress reports 2. Control the pictures (even some on the Web site appeared to be canned or generic) 3. Transparency 4. Display empathy as a concerned corporate entity comprised of authentic people diligently making a good-faith effort to solve the problem Failure/ Crisis Management Case Study 2 Failure, if properly attended to and rectified is a great plus. It gives the much needed confidence to the public, client or stakeholders in the product and organization. Furthermore, with proper management, the organization will be able to assess its capacity to deal with the systemic and circumstantial deficiencies leading to failures and work out a way forward. A great example would be the Johnson and Johnson Tylenol poisoning crisis in 1982. When the Tylenol scare occurred, Johnson and Johnson responded immediately and positively, taking the analgesic off the shelves, keeping the public apprised of the investigation, and their instituting new tamper-proof seals to make their product more secure. An organization needs to be upfront and out front with their communication about the situation and what they are doing to correct it and protect the public. The organization has to keep the public’s best interests at heart when communicating the issue effectively, clearly, accurately, and promptly upon discovering the problem. Having a crisis management plan in place before a crisis occurs puts an organization in a solid position to handle it more effectively and responsibly. Detecting failure, analyising failure, promoting experiementation? Deviance Inattention Lack of Ability Process Inadequacy Task Challenge Process Complexity Uncertainty Hypothesis Testing Exploratory Testing Blameworthy Praiseworthy Violating a prescribed practice or process by choice Straying away from specifications Does not possess the necessary qualifications or skills for the task Adhering to a prescribed but faulty or incomplete task Task too difficult to be executed reliably each time Process comprises of element breaks when encountering interactions Lack of clarity causes actions which seem reasonable but produces undesired results An experiment to prove and idea, fails Experiment to increase knowledge and understand possibilities leads to an unwanted result How to cite How Organizations Can Learn from Failure, Papers

International Relation Theories

Introduction International relations are largely concerned with power balance and socio-political engagements among various states (Anon., 2011). In order to fully appreciate how different nations relate across the world, three theories namely constructivism, liberalism and realism have been developed by political scientists.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Relation Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relevant application of these theories can indeed assist in predicting socio-political and economic policies that have been adopted and embraced by different countries (York University, 2009). Needless to say, policy makers have always been concerned about some of these scholarly perspectives on world affairs. Nonetheless, such academic theories have for a long time been dismissed by advocates of foreign policies (Reitan, 2004). In spite of divergent views on the application of these int ernational relation theories, it is definite that we still require the same theories in generating ideas on how world policies are being manipulated (Washington, 2011). Indeed, the applications of these theories have been notable since the end of Cold War as different countries within or near the superpower bloc continued to seek supremacy (Anon, 2011). Certainly, diverse schools of thought have proliferated competition toward world affairs and hence have their own strengths and weaknesses as discussed in this paper. What is realism? Realism is a traditionally dominant theory that portrays international affairs as a struggle for might among selfish individuals. Realists have an assumption that world powers are anarchic in nature with independent states acting as focal points (Anon, 2011). Therefore, realists believe that individual states may have offensive power which makes them dangerous to each other or can grossly jeopardize peaceful co-existence (Cristol, 2011). This school of thought is often pessimistic about strategies of eliminating war and conflicts. Additionally, this theory is dominated by elements of Cold War in the sense that governments in various countries view each other with great deal of suspicion. The theory also provides brief explanation on war alliances and other issues of global interests. Realism should not be taken as a single theory since realists have evolved it since the times of the Cold War era. For instance, classical realists emphasize that states are like human beings and hence have desire to dominate others (Lynch, 2005). Proponents this theory argue that the desire for dominance was realistically as a result of Cold War. On the contrary, neo-realists dismiss the human nature analogy and concentrate on international affairs.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the proponents of realism, Kenneth Waltz, claims that international systems are anarchic in nature. Consequently, each state struggle to survive on it own since there is no central authority to assert power balance. Moreover, defensive realists comprehend that great powers sought defense and subsequently developed into anarchism (Sicha, 2010). Divided opinions from staunch realists have transformed realism from focusing on human nature into more pragmatic aspects of international relations. Strengths of realism Realism theory has been the centre of focus whenever deliberating on international affairs largely due to its less complicated and appealing nature to policy makers. The theory has provided adequate proofs in its applicability and variability to world affairs. Realists often argue that the anarchic nature of states may possibly limit conflicts (Anon., 2011). However, this is factual since every nation will regard utilizing its resources for it own benefits (Moravcsik, 2001). Furthermore, it disregards ethical princip le of â€Å"might is right† since the strong might not always be right. Moreover, it’s conventional and contemporary applicability is appealing especially to mighty nations who are keen in protecting their interests. It is evident that although realism lacks sufficient evidence on why there are mighty and violent powers in the world, the theory is still significant and applicable in modern Post War governments. Weaknesses Realism theory has several gaps that are yet to be filled. To begin with, it fails to explain why some countries may adversely in terms of economic performance index in spite of the presence of international organizations like United Nations who have been mandated to safeguard the interests of member state (York University, 2009). On the same note, it does not regard international attention on how different states use their differential policies to coerce others. Additionally, when making decisions pertaining international policies, it is not possible to decide for each single nation. The latter weakness is a common cause of worry since such decisions may be self centered and equally lack broad perspective (International Relations Resource Center, 2010). Moreover, the theory opposes the evil nature of man and claims that conflicts among states arise from their anarchic nature. Currently, some states have ventured into war against terrorism asserting that realists’ ideologies have been rendered obsolete.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Relation Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What is liberalism? This theory upholds individual or political liberty and defense from arbitrary treatment (Reitan, 2004). However, the theory contrasts realism since it focuses on economic interdependence. Liberalists assert that when states are economically interdependent, they evade warfare to safe guard mutual prosperity. However, Woodrow Wil son, one of the proponents of liberalism, has a different school of thought on liberalism (Moravcsik, 2001).He emphasizes that democratic nations are more peaceful than authoritarian ones (Reitan, 2004). Recent liberal theories focus on international institutions as means of enhancing cooperation hence overcome selfish interests. Case corporate examples include International Monetary Fund (IMF) and International Energy Agency (IEA) (Reitan, 2004). Hence, liberalism mainly focuses on bilateral and multilateral cooperation, with states being the central actors in international affairs (Lynch, 2005). Strengths Liberal ideologies prefer a model society that is free from coercion and where minority rights are protected (Reitan, 2004). Liberalists advocate for free exchange of opinions and transparency in governing institutions. Additionally, it is committed in protecting the less privileged in society (Reitan, 2004). In other words, liberals advocate for recognition of individual dignity . They assert that everyone is entitled to rational treatment regardless of race, gender or social class. Therefore, they are perceived as advocates of good governance. Weaknesses Apparently, standard solutions from the liberals were found inadequate in helping citizens to indentify their political and social identities. This led to suffering of several states in terms of political empathy as they were competing for civic and political rights of their subjects. Furthermore, critics argue that liberals regard nothing more than mere comforts that are consumer oriented (Moravcsik, 2001). It is certain that the theory over-emphasizes on government as the sole solution to challenges facing various states. While liberalists believe that society is always in upward growth momentum, it may not be the case since it is a flat or plain assumption that does not take into account local and international factors that may affect the very growth.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What is constructivism? This theory puts more emphasis on impacts of ideas unlike the latter that focus on material aspects such as power and wealth. Constructivists value interests and identities of nations as vital product of peculiar historical events. Additionally, proponents of this theory regard aspects in society that shape belief systems and interests of people and how behavior norms are established. Consequently, the end of the Cold War legitimized the theory for its ability to anticipate and explain events prior, during and after the war (Lynch, 2005). Through the theory, it is possible to understand how norms changes and why people conceive different tastes and behaviors. Moreover, constructivism has made it easy to understand and solve issues associated with identities and interests. As an emphasis, this theory is very diverse in explaining events, role of norms and how their affect political spheres. Strengths Unlike other theories, incumbent has focused on basic aspect in human relations. Constructivists assert that human behavior influences political system and state interests. They are able to criticize realists who assert that state behavior is influenced by an international system. Additionally, they make some insightful recount on issues that are often ignored by realists and liberals (Lynch, 2005). Weaknesses Certainly, the theory is prone to criticism for its inability to explain how individual opinions differ in preference to social constructions (York University, 2009). Moreover, they attempt to expound on moral and ethical misconceptions on how norms alter interest and identity of states. However, they are only able to give vague information that does not satisfy their critics. Additionally, this theory poses a common misconception since individuals construct their own reality that can lead to intellectual anarchy. For instance, many scholars have emerged with different inferences hence posing challenges to the initial constructivists ( Washington, 2010). Appealing theory in the 21st Century Evidently, there has always been a huge debate over which theory remains most effective and relevant in the contemporary society. It is worth to note that their relevance lies on their ability to expound occurring phenomena in world affairs. Apparently, the three theories have both weaknesses and strength as earlier discussed in this paper. Nevertheless, liberalism has won awards in enhancing peace and cooperation among world states (Reitan, 2004). For this reason, the incumbent is suitable for the complex and diffuse 21st century. In my own view, I feel that liberalism is the best ideology to use in scaling power of different states owing to the fact that its concepts enhance political, social and economic freedom thereby reducing disparity gap between mighty nations and less or under-privileged states. Furthermore, through liberalism, human life is perfected by enhancing equal level of integrity and confidence (Sicha, 2010). As an international relation theory, it is the only one that has been idealistic in considering human capacity. Moreover, states that amass power are discouraged from doing so and therefore rendered less destructive by their subjects. Certainly, there are myriad of challenges being faced in the 21st century that requires well defined principles to address them (Reitan, 2004). Liberalism has a major principle that is very prudent for the modern society. Enhancing good governance and rule of law will solve issues of anarchy and terrorism. However, liberalists insist that governments should be strong to safeguard their citizens from internal and external aggressions (Reitan, 2004). To recap it all, it is imperative to reiterate that several schools of thoughts have relentlessly attempted to assert influence on international affairs (Waltz, 2011) This has created divided attitude, perceptions and mixed feelings among scholars over which theory is more relevant, supreme and pragmatic (We ber, 2011). Nonetheless, the relevance of each theory is largely dependant on historical times when they were being applied since each one of them has uniquely impacted international relations in some way. References Anon. (2011). The IR Theory Knowledge Base. Retrieved from http://www.irtheory.com/know.htm Cristol, J. (2011). International Relations Theory. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordbibliographiesonline.com International Relations Resource Center (2010). Theories of international relations. Retrieved from http://www.wadsworth.com/politicalscience_d/special_features/ext/ir/tir/tir_infotra c11html Lynch, M. (2005). Realism and constructivism. Retrieved from http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2005/09/realism-and-constructivism.html Moravcsik, A. (2001). Liberal International Relations Theory: A social scientific assessment. Retrieved from http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/623 Reitan, A. (2004). Liberalism: Time-Tested Principles for the Twenty-First Century. Lincoln: iUniverse, I nc. Sicha, F. (2010). International Relations: Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism. Retrieved from http://elecua.com/?p=384http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/623 Waltz, K. (2011). Progress in International Relations Theory. Retrieved from http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=9204ttype=2 Washington, G. (2010). An overview of the field of international relation. Retrieved from http://www.drtomoconnor.com/3040/3040lect02a.htm Weber, W. (2011) International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction. Retrieved from http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/978113.InternationalRelationsTheory York University (2009). Critical Realism Theory. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.yorku.ca/york/istheory/wiki/index.php/Critical_realism_theory This research paper on International Relation Theories was written and submitted by user Jamir L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.